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=FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET=

**REVIEW SHEET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2010-2011**


 * NAME:** ___

All answers must be in your handwriting.

2)The cells go through mitosis. he cells Split two new daughter cells 3)The DNA replicates and passes the new copy of DNA to the new cells by the process of Mitosis. 4) Yes they use energy. || It regulates the molecules that go in-out of the cell. || (temp, light, number of students, noise) || keeping windows open limit number of kids thermostat. || Plants  insects  birds || If plants are removed, it affects everything above it. If there are no plants, then the insects will die off. Then the birds would die due to competition. ||  ||
 * # What can cells in your body do?
 * 1) cell division?
 * 2) pass DNA to other cells?
 * 3) Use energy || 1)They can divide, multiply, fight bacteria/ viruses.
 * 2. two function of cell membrane || Separates the cell from its surroundings.
 * 3. two differences between plant and animal cells || Plant cell are round. Animal cells are square. Plants have a cell wall. Animals do not. ||
 * 4. What does salting meat do? What process is this? || it perserves it and drys it out. its called curing it . osmosis ||
 * 5. Describe homeostasis and give 1 example. || maintaining internal stability ex; sweating when hot ||
 * 6. How is homeostasis controlled in a classroom?
 * 7. In a food chain, what happens if plants are removed? Insects removed? Birds removed?
 * 8. What happens to cells in salt solutions? Which tonic is this? || Shrinks. Hypertonic. ||
 * 9. Name 1 disease caused by the following organisms:
 * 9. Name 1 disease caused by the following organisms:

virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoan || Virus: Chicken Pox Bacteria: Tuberculosis Fungi: Athletes foot Protozoan: Malaria || stir || a. placed in water-
 * 10. What causes the flu, herpes, poxes, AIDS? || Viruses ||
 * 11. How does the earth show homeostasis? (think oil spill) || Oil breaks up and spreads then bacteria eat it up and then the bacteria are eaten and they wind up in the food chain. ||
 * 12. Definition of diffusion ||  ||
 * 13. Example of diffusion || the smell of popcorn in a room ||
 * 14. Definition of osmosis || the tendency of a fluid, usually [|water], to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where [|the] solvent concentration is higher across a membrane ||
 * 15. Example of osmosis || an egg in soda will loose its membrane ||
 * 16. Which way do diffusion and osmosis always flow || ====== high to low concentration ====== ||
 * 17. Why do osmosis and diffusion occur? || always moving toward equilibrium ||
 * 18. We put food coloring in a beaker of water. What happens? || eventually spreads out evenly ||
 * 19. Name 2 ways to speed diffusion up. || Increase the temperature and
 * 20. We put eggs in vinegar. What were we trying to do?- || Tried to dissolve shell ||
 * 21. What will happen to an egg without its shell if:

b. placed in salt water-

c. placed in syrup- || expand

shrink

shrink ||
 * 22. If lots of water enters a cell what could happen? (Regular word and science word)- || Cell volume increases and bursts plasmoptysis ||
 * 23. Name solutions for the following tonics:

a. hypertonic b. isotonic c. hypotonic || **Hyper- 1 of 2 solutions that has a higher concentration of a solute.** hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic cell getting bigger, cell shrinking, cell staying the same, cell at equilibrium, water going in and out equally, cell that has osmosis going on ||  || a. prokaryote b. eukaryote c. nucleus d. nuclear area e. bacteria f. human cell g. came first h. more advanced i. has many organelles j. has cell wall k. has cell membrane m. has cytoplasm and ribosomes || Prokaryote- has no nucleus Eukaryote- has a nucleus Nucleus- Brain of the cell containing DNA Nuclear area - an area where genetic material is kept Bacteria- unicellular prokaryotes Human Cell- Cell in the human body; eukaryotic G. Cell A H. Cell B I. Cell B J. Cell A K. Both A & B M. Both A & B || b. nuclear membrane-A double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells c. cytoplasm-The material or protoplasm within a living cell d. ribosomes-Ribosome’s are the components of cells that make proteins from amino acids e. mitochondria-an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy f. flagellum- Whip like appendage that allows bacteria to move. g. cell membrane-The semi permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell h. smooth ER-Same as rough er without the ribosome’s on the outside i. rough ER-is an eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules j. chloroplas-A plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place k. cell wall-This is the rigid layer that protects the cell surface of a plant cell l. vacuole-A space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell m. golgi-A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm n. nucleolus-A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase. o. cilia-A hair like projection from the surface of a cell p. cytoskeleton- A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm || spontaneous generation abiogenesis biogenesis origin of species natural selection artificial selection || - the supposed production of living organisms from non-living organisms - a technical term for spontaneous generation - the synthesis of substances by living organisms - species evolution over time - nature selects the species that live - chemicals affect the species causing only the strongest to survive and reproduce || Redi Pasteur Van Leeuwenhoek Darwin || - helped prove the spontaneous generation theory wrong - made incredible break throughs in preventing disease - made tremendous improvements to the microscope - developed the theory of evolution || What is the first word? Second word? || 1st word- Homo means the same. 2nd word- Sapien means wise. || Plantae, Monera, Fungi, Animalia? Arthropoda, Nematoda, Cnidria, Platyhelminthes? || Plantae, Monera, Fungi Animilia= Kingdom Arthropoda, nematoda, cnidaria, Platyhelminthes= Phylum || vestigial organs homologous organs analogous organs || Vestigial Organs- something that was useful but then after evolution was no longer needed. The red thing on corner of eye. Homologous organs- Same structures but different use. Example= Arm of human to wings of bat. Analogous- Different structures that perform same function.Ex. Beaks of birds. || Genus- no Species- no || retrovirus lytic virus lysogenic virus provirus || Retrovirus- an RNA virus that makes a DNA copy and inserts it into the host cell DNA. Can remain dormant for a long time. Most retroviruses can cause cancer. Retroviruses also include [|HIV].
 * Isotonic- the concentration of solutes and solvnts (water) that are the same**
 * Hypotonic- 1 of 2 solutions that has a lower concentration of a solute.** ||
 * 24. Most of the time your body cells are tonic || **Isotonic** ||
 * 25. Look at the three cells. Label the following terms on the correct cell:
 * 26. define the following and label on cell A or cell B:
 * 27. define the following organelles: || a. nucleus- Brain of the cell containing DNA and RNA
 * 28. Define:
 * 29. Give key points about each scientist:
 * 30. //Homo sapiens//
 * 31. Are these kingdoms or phyla?
 * 32. Define and give an example:
 * 33. If you are in the same phylum, are you in the same kingdom? Same genus? Same species? || Kingdom – yes
 * 34. Viruses must reproduce inside __ || inside a host cell ||
 * 35. Define and give an example:

Lytic virus- Reproductive cycle where virus injects its DNA into host cell, makes new viruses, and bursts open to spread. Ex: flu virus

Lysogenic virus- virus reproduction where it injects DNA into host;, the DNA is incorporated into the host cell DNA and can remain dormant for a long time, until conditions cause it to enter the lytic cycle. Ex: herpes virus

Provirus- The piece of viral DNA embedded in host cell DNA. || Antibiotics Vaccine || Antibiotics inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms. Vaccine kills or weakens the virus ||
 * 36. Name the 2 parts of every virus ||  ||
 * 37. What do the following do and who do they work on?
 * 38. Draw the shapes of bacteria:

coccus bacillus spirillum || coccus- circle shaped bacillus- rod shaped spirillum- spiral shaped || capsule Petri dish Streptococcus || capsule- protects bacteria petri dish- grows bacteria streptococcus- causes disease || dominant gene recessive gene mutation || always shows up when present
 * 39. If we overuse antibiotics, the bacteria may become: || resistant to treatment ||
 * 40. Bacteria: Explain the following:
 * 41. Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes? Why? || prokaryotes because there is no nucleus ||
 * 42. How do diseases get passed down genetically? ||  ||
 * 43. Define:

only shows up when dominant isn't present

any change in DNA || viviparous ovoviparous oviparous || live babies
 * 44. Sweating allows humans to keep their: || homeostasis, to keep your body cool ||
 * 45. Define and give an example of each:

live premature babies, mature in pouch

egg laying || a technique for protecting against diseases ||  || viruses, bacteria, protozoans ||  || Heterozygous-dissimilar trait Pure-the same Hybrid-different Phenotype-physical Genotype-gene make up || Males do because they will inherit whatever’s on the X chromosome. ||
 * 46. What is a vaccine and what is it designed to do?
 * 47. Put in order, smallest to biggest: protozoans, bacteria, viruses
 * 48. How many chromosomes in a human foot cell? How many in an egg? Sperm? ||  ||
 * 49. Number of chromosomes in Down’s syndrome || they have 47 chromosomes, 3 of the 21st chromosome ||
 * 50. How can 2 parents not show the recessive trait, yet one of their children shows the trait? || because if both parents have it but only on one of their genes then they will pass it down and the child with have it on both chromosomes ||
 * 51. Define: homozygous, heterozygous, pure, hybrid, phenotype, genotype || Homozygous-have identical trait
 * 52. Cross 2 carriers of a disease. What are the % of their children with and without the diseae? || 25% ||
 * 52. Red is dominant to white. Cross homozygous red with homozygous red. Offspring % || 100% ||
 * 53. Chromosomes of a normal male. Normal female. || Males=Xy, Females= XX ||
 * 54. If the FBI needed your DNA, how could they obtain it? || By using a hair sample, blood and semen. ||
 * 55. If a disease is sex-linked explain who gets it more often and why? || Men=XY and Women=XX
 * 56. Why does DNA replicate? ||  ||
 * 57. Describe karyotype and why it would be used. ||  ||
 * 58. Define: mitosis, meiosis, fertilization, zygote, sexual reproduction, asexual reprodution || Mitosis a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

Meiosis a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes.

Fertilization the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Zygote a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

Sexual reproduction- uses male and female gametes, 2 parents

Asexual reproduction not involving the fusion of gametes, one parent ||
 * 59. Define dominant gene, recessive gene, give letters. || Dominant genes that are expressed whenever present.

Recessive genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e., when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent. || b. autotroph, multicellular-plantea c. mushrooms-fungi d. unicellular, eukaryote, amoeba-prostista e. bacteriamonera f. prokaryotesmonera || b. enters through bare feet-hook worms c. mollusk, tentacles, suckers-squid d. rectal itching-pin worms e. tentacles, nematocysts, stinging cells-jelley fish f. non-parasitic segmented worm-round worm g. attacks liver, “big belly” fluke h. cross eyed worm planeria ||
 * 60. What is a double helix? || Double helix- Is the shape of a DNA strand. ||
 * 61. Define biodiversity. ||  ||
 * 62. Why is biodiversity so important? || allows animals, plants and humans to share the planet. if one species is destroyed several follow, it gives humans a wide variety when it comes to food and fuel. ||
 * 63. Why are there so many species of trees, birds or insects? || they have adapted to there own groups example: food ||
 * 64. If we build home, malls, parking lots, what happens to biodiversity? ||  ||
 * 65. Name the kingdom (monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia) || a. heterotrophs, multicellular-animalia
 * 66. There are 7 taxons. Name them starting with the largest first. ||  ||
 * 67. Name 10 invertebrates. Make sure they are in different phyla. sponges,jelley fish,flat worms,ribbon worms,sand worms, nemotodes,horehair worms,spiny crown worms,brush heads, lamp shell ||  ||
 * 68. Name animal. || a. filter feeds-fish
 * 69. How do you use a dichotomous key? ||  ||
 * 70. Define the following terms: ||  ||
 * Hermaphroditic ||  ||
 * IPMAT ||  ||
 * Dioecious ||  ||
 * Cephalization ||  ||
 * Exoskeleton ||  ||
 * Water vascular system ||  ||
 * Sessile ||  ||
 * Parasite ||  ||
 * Free living ||  ||
 * Segmented ||  ||
 * Symmetry ||  ||
 * Molting ||  ||
 * Heterozygous ||  ||
 * Homozygous ||  ||